2020/February Braindump2go News!
CCNA 200-301 replaces all current CCNA exams with a single exam that is effective Feb. 24, 2020. The new exam is 120-minutes and has significant changes to the curriculum.
The new exam has only single-area OSPFv2 as the dynamic routing protocol and no troubleshooting topics. Simulation labs (notoriously difficult) are now only configuration and verify.
Current CCNA Exams
CCNA 200-301 Knowledge Domains
20% Network Fundamentals
20% Network Access
25% IP Connectivity
10% IP Services
15% Security Fundamentals
10% Automation and Programmability
New CCNA Topics!
CCNA 200-301 exam includes a significant amount of wireless and network programmability. That is attributed to the popularity of mobile devices, cloud computing and SDN architecture. Cisco is aligning the new CCNA certification exam with a shift to internet-based connectivity model and OSPF for routing IP protocol only. EIGRP was previously created for multiprotocol routing and RIP is not scalable for mobile and cloud connections.
The management and troubleshooting of network infrastructure is being radically changed with SDN open source architecture. Cisco has enabled programmable features on their devices and virtualization from physical equipment to software services. They have virtual appliances and CCNA engineers now support private and cloud data center connections.
CCNA 200-301: Top 10 Questions
Cisco will typically make the newer questions somewhat easier to start with. After 12 months you can count on more difficult questions from wireless, security, and SDN topics. The top ten list includes newer topics and core networking topics.
Network Addressing
This is a skill that is required across a variety of CCNA topics and questions. Subnetting is required to configure network interfaces and read a routing table. You should know how to distinguish between classful and classless addressing, and when to apply subnet masks or wildcard masks.
In fact, subnet masks and wildcard masks affect what routes are advertised from a routing protocol to neighbor routers . Learn binary to decimal conversion and how to create your own subnetting table for quick reference. Consider as well that DHCP, DNS and NAT are all network addressing services.
Route Selection
Do you know how to read a routing table and how a route is selected to a destination subnet? You should know how to list the routing table on a router and verify what if any routes exist to the server subnet.
So the question will test your knowledge of administrative distance, longest match rule and path metrics. Not to mention protocol operation for OSPF and rules for establishing network connectivity. One question will essentially test your knowledge of several different concepts.
Routing Protocol: OSPFv2
There is a significant shift now to an internet-based IP connectivity model. OSPFv2 is a scalable IPv4-only routing protocol. EIGRP was previously created for multiprotocol routing and RIP is not scalable for mobile and cloud connections.
There are several layers of knowledge with OSPFv2 routing protocol and significant coverage. It is the only routing protocol included with the new exam. Know how to do basic configuration of single-area and verify your configuration for neighbor connectivity. Know administrative distance, metrics and OSPF neighbor adjacency. Understand how designated routers (DR) are elected and router ID for single-area OSPFv2.
Wireless Concepts
There is now coverage of wireless fundamentals and configuration topics on the upcoming CCNA exam. You will have to know RF cell characteristics along with SSID, channel allocation and WPA2 security protocol. There are going to be questions as well on wireless architectures and managing devices. In fact wireless is going to cross multiple domains.
Network Security
Not a surprise that security has been expanded and now on the top ten list of must know for the CCNA exam. In fact, CCNA security certification is becoming quite popular with the complexity of public internet connections and creativity of hacker attacks. The CCNA topics are basic and very reasonable testing your knowledge of initial setup and recommended commands for device hardening of routers and switches.
The primary topics include console security, enable passwords, VTY line access, password encryption and SSH. In addition there is ARP inspection, DHCP snooping and newer wireless encryption protocols. Cisco has added what could be termed security management topics as well. That is the result of so much internet cloud connectivity.
Static Routing
Most routers will have at least one routing protocol enabled to advertise local subnets and receive routes from neighbors. Most routers are going to have some static routes for a variety of purposes. There is some additional maintenance and complexity that goes along with any dynamic routing protocols.
Static routes also include default routes and floating routes common to most configurations. Most internet connections from a branch office will require only a default route. You have to know static routing to read a routing table and understand how they affect route selection.
Switch Trunking
Switch trunking requires that you first understand switch interfaces, VLANs, encapsulation and VLAN pruning. As a result the questions are really testing your knowledge of multiple switching concepts.
Practically speaking all switches have trunk interfaces and they enable communication between multiple VLAN segments. DTP is a dynamic trunking alternative to static trunk interfaces with multiple modes that control when a trunk is established between switches.
Access Control Lists (ACL)
When it comes to the CCNA exam, learn as much as you can about all types of ACLs. There are four groups: standard ACL, standard named ACL, extended ACL and extended named ACL. They are so prevalent on routers and firewalls that you have to know basic configuration of an ACL and also how to apply them correctly.
ACLs affect how traffic filtering works and is key to network security. Any ACL requires a filter command along with a direction and network interface as primary attributes to permit or deny traffic.
Automation and Programmability
CCNA 200-301 exam includes a significant amount of wireless and network programmability. That is attributed to the popularity of mobile devices, cloud computing and SDN architecture. Cisco is aligning the CCNA certification exam with a shift to internet-based connectivity model.
The management and troubleshooting of network infrastructure is being radically changed with SDN open source architecture. Cisco has enabled programmable features on their devices and virtualization from physical equipment to software services. They have virtual appliances and CCNA engineers now support private and cloud data center connections.
Key topics include Cisco DNA Center along with fabric overlays, underlays and controller-based network management. Some additional topics are SDN architecture, JSON, RESTful API, and virtualization concepts.
CCNA IOS Commands
The following are core IOS commands that you must know to verify network connectivity and operational state.
• show running-config
• show ip interface brief
• show ip route
• show interfaces trunk
• show vlan
• show cdp neighbor
• show etherchannel summary
• show ip ospf neighbor
• show ip ospf interface
• show access-lists
• show ip dhcp binding
• ipconfig /all
Don’t forget as well that IPv6 changes the IOS command slightly. For example show ip route for IPv4 displays all routes based on IPv4 addressing. Any IPv6 routes in the routing table are displayed with show ipv6 route. You have to use both commands when there are IPv4 and IPv6 interfaces.
CCNA 200-301: Score Your Best
Cisco CCNA certification has become increasingly complex with theoretical and practical questions. There are questions from multiple knowledge domains and topics. Simulation questions require you to configure and verify network connectivity. The following are recommendations to score your best on the new CCNA exam.
Practice Tests
Practice tests are essential and when designed properly should verify what you have learned and your readiness for the exam. They are well worth the cost. You go into an exam that is 325 USD and do not know if you are ready for it. The practice tests should have simulation lab questions. Each test should use same pattern as the actual exam with all topics, percentages, duration and number of questions. Practice until you are scoring at least 85% and have honed your time management skills properly.
CCNA Question Types
1. Multiple Choice
Question that asks the candidate to select the correct answer/s from multiple options.
2. Simulation Labs
There are 3-5 simulation labs with each exam that require you to configure and/or verify network connectivity.
SIM Type 1 – Configuration Labs
You are given some requirements and asked to configure network devices to enable network protocols and features.
Question: Configure OSPFv2 on router-1 so that routes from all local subnets are advertised to all neighbors?
SIM Type 2 – Operational Labs
You are asked a variety of questions that are answered using only IOS show commands from CLI. It requires you to select the correct IOS commands to to answer specific questions concerning network connectivity.
Question: What switch is elected as the root bridge from the network topology shown?
3. Drag and Drop
Match a list of items such as protocols for instance with the correct description.
4. Fill-in-the-Blank
Determine a word/s to finish a statement so that it is correct.
Exam Day Recommendations
• The testing center will give you a double-sided laminated paper whiteboard at the beginning of the exam. Request 3-5 of them so that you are not interrupting your exam.
• There is a 15-minute tutorial before the exam starts. Use that time to create your whiteboard notes. It is a collection of facts and figures that you have for quick reference.
• Create CCNA Whiteboard – subnetting table, binary table, AD values, port numbers, protocol facts, default settings, wildcard masks, ACL stuff and anything else that you often forget.
• Subnetting is a key aspect of the CCNA exam for both theoretical and lab simulation questions. It is easy as well to make mistakes when converting between binary and decimal values. Write at least all class C subnets on paper when the exam starts. Include the subnetting table and binary table shown for quick conversions.
IP Subnetting Demystified
• Don’t burn time with a question you could only guess on. Take your best guess and move on to the next question.
• Take your time with SIM questions. Verify each answer carefully and note any syntax or configuration errors missed or not included before submitting. Do not click Next until you are satisfied with your answer and ready for the next question. There is no review allowed for SIM questions or navigation permitted to a previous question within the same lab.
• Do not waste time considering your answers from previous questions. There is no back button or end of test question review with CCNA exam.
• Complex questions are sometimes comprised of convoluted wording, drawings and show command listings. Consider fundamentally what the question is testing.
• Read each question a couple of times carefully (to make a well worn point). Note the subtleties with each question that Cisco employs and what the question is really asking.
CCNA Sample Question
The following is an example of wording for a typical CCNA style question.
Q. What command will verify that a router interface is operational (up/up) and responding on a router?
A. show running-config
B. show ip interface brief
C. telnet
D. ping
The key word responding is used here and that implies sending a packet to an interface and verifying that it is up.
The command show running-config is wrong. You are at the router and can only verify the interface is configured correctly. It is an administrative command that does not verify the interface is responding to arriving packets.
The command show ip interface brief is wrong. You are at the router so there is no send/return of packets and cannot confirm the interface is responding to arriving packets.
Telnet option is inconclusive. Device requires a Telnet configuration. You would not know if the problem was with the Telnet configuration (application layer), ACL filter (application layer) somewhere or the interface (Layer 1-Layer 3).
Ping is best answer. The ICMP packet is sent to the interface and returns with either destination unreachable or packets received to confirm the router interface is operational. You can ping any interface configured with an IPv4 address or IPv6 address.
ping 192.168.1.1
ping 2001:DB8:3C4D:1::1
ping ipv6 2001:DB8:3C4D:1::1
ping ipv6 (extended ipv6 ping only)
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